Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Studies have shown that around 5% of the children are affected with ADHD. The prevalence reduces to 2.5% in adulthood. The symptoms of ADHD may start appearing as early as toddler stage of the child. It consists of 3 key features – Inattention, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity. The symptoms must be present in atleast 2 different settings (Home or School or with friends or relatives).
Common presenting symptoms are:
Inattention
The child may make careless mistakes very often. He/she may often do not complete his/her work in school, like copying from the board. The child may often seem like he is not listening whenever he is spoken to directly. He/she may often lose his belongings at school or other places (pens, books, notebooks). The child may be easily distracted by other external things when he is engaged in some activity. The child may not be able to do tasks or engage in activities which require sustained attention, like reading long paragraphs, doing homework; or he may avoid such activities.
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
The child may not sit at one place for long when he is expected to sit at one place, like at school; or he may often move his body, tap his legs or arms while sitting. He appears to be always on the go, does not sit for completing any task till the end and often appears to be running around. The child may not wait for his turn while playing, or does not wait for completing the question and blurts out answers beforehand. The child may also appear to talk excessively.
For the diagnosis of ADHD, these all symptoms should be of such severity that it interferes with the quality of social, academic or occupational functioning.
• ICD 11 Diagnostic criteria for ADHD
Treatment of ADHD
- Behavior Therapy:
- Behavior therapy is an essential part of ADHD treatment. It focuses on teaching positive behaviors and reducing unwanted or disruptive behaviors. Parent training in behavior management is effective. Additionally, behavioral interventions in the classroom can be beneficial. Parents and educators should work together to support the child’s behavior
2. Medications:
- Medications can help manage ADHD symptoms. Stimulants (such as methylphenidate and amphetamine-based medications) are commonly prescribed. Non-stimulant options (like atomoxetine) are also available. Medications don’t cure ADHD but can significantly improve symptoms
3. Combination Approach:
- Often, the most effective treatment involves a combination of behavior therapy and medication. This approach addresses various aspects of ADHD and provides comprehensive support.
4. Psychotherapy and Counseling:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help individuals develop coping strategies, improve self-regulation, and manage emotional challenges associated with ADHD.
5. Education and Skills Training:
- Education of individuals and families about ADHD. Skills training can empower individuals to navigate daily life effectively.
6. School-Based Interventions:
- Schools play a crucial role in ADHD management. Collaborate with educators to implement behavioral classroom interventions and provide necessary support.