Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease which is commonly seen in elderly population. There are different types of Dementia, most common being Alzheimer’s Dementia.

Common presenting symptoms are:

– Forgetfulness.

Persons generally start misplacing their belongings like cell phones or spectacles and spend a lot of time in searching for them. They may have increased difficulty in recollecting what they had in dinner last night or in breakfast today morning. When the disease progress, they may start forgetting names of their close relatives or family members or may not recognise their house, may forget they have had their meals and ask for food again and again.

– Difficulty in doing routine activities.

A person may have difficulty in bathing or dressing. He may find it difficult to button or unbutton his shirts or she may find it difficult to wear a sari which she used to wear on a daily basis. Person may make mistakes in cooking food or making tea or other tasks which the person used to perform easily previously.

– Difficulty in language skills.

A person may have word finding difficulties and frequently uses words like “that thing” as he cannot recollect the correct word.

– Change in Personality.

A person may gradually show change in his overall personality. He may become very rigid or specific in schedule or may become a jolly person or may exhibit dis-inhibited behaviour.

• ICD 11 criteria for Dementia

What should be done

Consult a psychiatrist or a neurologist for proper treatment of the symptoms and for control of the disease. Some investigations and imaging may be required for proper diagnosis. Ask for the precautions one must take for proper care taking of such patients.

What can be done at home?

1. Create a Therapeutic Environment:

• Physical Environment: Ensure safety by removing hazards. Use clear signage and labels.
• Social Environment: Foster social interactions. Encourage visits from family and friends.
• Communication: Use simple language, maintain eye contact, and be patient. Avoid arguing or contradicting the patient.

2. Structured Care Protocols:

• Bathing: Establish a consistent bathing routine. Use warm water, gentle movements, and soothing communication.
• Mouth Care: Regular oral hygiene is essential. Encourage gentle brushing and mouth rinsing.
• Sensory Practices:
  • Massage: Gentle massage can promote relaxation and comfort.
  • Multi-Sensory Stimulation: Engage patients with various sensory experiences (e.g., soft music, textured objects).
  • Bright Light Therapy: Exposure to natural light during the day can help regulate sleep-wake cycles

3. Psychosocial Practices:

• Validation Therapy: Validate the patient’s feelings and emotions rather than correcting them. Show empathy and understanding.
• Reminiscence Therapy: Encourage reminiscing about past experiences. Use photos, familiar objects, or music to trigger memories.
• Music Therapy: Music can evoke positive emotions and improve mood.
• Meaningful Activities: Engage patients in activities they enjoy, such as gardening, painting, or puzzles.

4. Self-Care for Caregivers:

• • Seek Support: Caregivers need emotional support too. Connect with support groups or counseling services.
  • Take Breaks: Caregiving can be exhausting. Schedule regular breaks to recharge.
  • Prioritize Well-Being: Maintain your own physical and mental health. Get adequate rest and nutrition.

Remember that each patient with dementia is unique, so tailor these strategies to the individual’s needs. Compassion, patience, and understanding are essential for effective dementia care.